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Kelly has been teaching RE classes since 1996, and delights in simplifying complex concepts for students of all ages and abilities.
This article will help demystify the inverter selection process so you can choose an inverter that is appropriate for your needs. We have restricted our list to residential-sized inverters (those that produce 1 to 6 kW), but the same process applies to larger systems. Only inverters that meet Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 1741 standards, as tested by a recognized certifying agency, are included in the list. THE SPECS All of the specifications listed in the table were provided by the manufacturers. Note that some published specifications are not third-party verified, i.e., by UL or an equivalent testing agency, and there have been instances in the past when some manufacturers published incorrect values—like the no-load draw, for example. One “spec” that is not shown in the table is a comparison of how long each inverter has been in the field. This can be important since it is possible that newer models have not had sufficient testing prior to release.
Most inverter manufacturers publish efficiency curves in their documentation. It is wise to choose inverters that have high efficiency ratings across a wide range of output wattages. No-Load Draw.
Some inverters can be stacked to supply three-phase power, often used for heavier machinery. Some inverters have a 120/240 V output available from a single inverter (discussed previously), so series stacking is not necessary. They can be stacked in parallel to offer more capacity (higher amps).
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Most off-grid inverters have a power-saving feature called “search” or “sleep” mode to power down the high-energy-use components of the inverter when there are no loads on. Search mode also requires power, but much less than the no-load draw. In this mode, the inverter periodically tests the circuit for active loads and powers up only if a load is detected. But homes that have continuously running AC loads (like a telephone answering machine’s 2 W wall cube) are unable to take advantage of this feature and are stuck with a minimum of the no-load draw. Some off-grid homeowners will strive for always-on loads to be DC-powered to allow their inverters to spend more time in energy-conserving search mode. Battery Charger.
A central control/meter can display system settings and data values, and simplify the user interface. Operations like generator start-and-stop controls can easily access needed parameters and data values, such as PV input, loads, and battery SOC. Most of the weight of an off-grid inverter comes from the iron core transformer, which gives high surge capacity—an iron core can store energy for a few cycles, creating a flywheel effect to carry the inverter through surges.
The primary function of the inverter in your solar power system is to produce 120V AC power from a 12V DC battery bank. More sophisticated inverters will come with the option for a built-in DC charger for your 12V battery system when you are plugged into shore power or running from your onboard generator, allowing your trailer or RV to run off-grid. This feature serves to replace your existing on-board converter with superior battery charging set-points.
Because THD for modified square wave inverters varies and depends on the type of loads running, values given from manufacturers are hard to compare fairly, so these numbers are not listed for modified square wave inverters. It is important to note that grid electricity also can have waveform distortions due to activity from all the different loads on the grid (such as large motors starting), which can cause transients in the utility waveform.
Also, new equipment may have software bugs or integration issues that might not yet have been discovered—which may make you an unintentional beta-tester. So if you are on the fence between two choices of inverters, you might consider how long the inverters and companies have been around before you make your decision. Waveform (sine wave vs. Modified square wave). Modern off-grid inverters are sold with two waveform options: sine wave and modified square wave (sometimes called “modified sine wave”). Sine wave output, which has low total harmonic distortion, will power virtually any type of load, even sensitive audio electronics. Although almost all residential inverters have sine wave output, a couple of modified square wave inverters made our list for budget systems.
The Hybrid2 software package is a user friendly tool to perform detailed long term performance and economic analysis on a wide variety of hybrid power systems. Hybrid2 is a probabilistic/time series computer model, using time series data for Loads, Wind speed, Solar insolation, Temperature and the power system designed or selected by the user, to predict the performance of the hybrid power system. Variations in wind speed and in load within each time step are factored into the preformance predictions. HOMER Legacy is a free computer model that simplifies the task of evaluating design options for both off-grid and grid-connected power systems for remote, stand-alone, and distributed generation (DG) applications.
Various stacking options allow 120 V inverters to work together to power 240 V loads (such as well pumps). These inverter configurations can accept both 120 V legs of a 240 VAC generator, allowing for full usage and balancing of the AC generator output, just like a single inverter with a 120/240 V output is capable of. Stacking setups can allow one inverter to “sleep” while power needs are low, which helps reduce standby energy loss. Series stacking 120 V inverters means that the inverters have a 120/240 V output from two inverters. Parallel stacking two inverters means the inverters will output 120 V at double the amps of a single inverter.
Because of this continual variation of grid activity, sine wave inverters often have even less THD than grid electricity. Rated Continuous Output Power. An off-grid inverter must supply enough power to meet the needs of all the appliances running simultaneously.
OFF-Grid Conversol DUAL MPPT Inverter - Recent Update 2017. Conversol and Axpert 5KVA DUO MPPT Main Board Firmware Update: For Safe and Secure Download please click Conversol and Axpert 5KVA DUO MPPT SCC Board Firmware Update: For Safe and Secure Download please click SolarPower 1.07 to 1.08 upgrade feature • Add parameter settings for Feed-in power factor, Max. Battery discharge current in hybrid mode and Max. • AC charging current in 3KW hybrid inverter Voltasol • Add parameter settings for Feed-in power factor in 10KW hybrid inverter Voltasol SolarPower 1.12 For Infinisolar Hybrid Inverter and VOLTASOL Hybris Inverter/Charger OS Links Windows Linux 32Bit Linux 64Bit MAC 64Bit Manual SolarPower Pro 1.07 For Infinisolar Hybrid Inverter and VOLTASOL Hybrid Inverter/Charger Windows Linux 32Bit Linux_32bit_Text Linux 64Bit Linux_64bit_Text MAC Manual.
If you are running only small electronics that have negligible surges, a lightweight inverter may serve you well. For instance, Exeltech inverters are very light, so they don’t provide much surge capacity—yet they have a very fine waveform for finicky electronics, such as audio or telecommunications equipment. If you are powering loads with high surges, like induction motors, seek a heavier inverter—and ensure that it is securely mounted to support its weight. Off-grid inverters are warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for up to five years, and extended warranties are sometimes available. Inverter manufacturers are typically quite responsive to addressing inverter failure and malfunction. Your installer or dealer can help with warranty problems and will be the initial contact. ACCESS 'Solar Kelly' Larson is a NABCEP-certified PV installer and a licensed electrical contractor working in Mendocino County, California.
To properly charge batteries where the temperature strays from the ideal 77°F, a temperature sensor provides data to the charger so it can adjust the voltage set points for higher and lower temperatures. Generator Start. Some inverters can start and stop a generator based on several criteria, such as battery voltage, battery state of charge (SOC), load draw, and time of day. Generators can have either a “two-wire” or “three-wire” start mechanism. A two-wire start refers to two positions—on and off—and requires only a simple relay and a signal from a controller in the inverter/charger. A three-wire start—a crank position, run, and stop—is more complex. There may also be pre-crank and other settings, as needed for diesel engines.
To start these loads, inverters will briefly “surge” or run at higher than their continuous power rating. Surge ratings include the maximum amperage and a time period that the inverter can run at that high power level without sustaining damage or turning off to protect itself. Inverters may have several surge ratings (stated in either AC amps or watts), each corresponding to a specified time period. Most load surge happens in the first few milliseconds of startup. For inverters with several surge ratings, generally it is fine to consider the shortest one. For instance, OutBack Power Systems’ VFX3648 can surge to 70 amps for 1 ms. Typically this is the rating you would use to determine if the inverter can supply enough power for your surges.
Facilitating a three-wire start usually requires a separate controller from the generator manufacturer. Typically, inverters that advertise automatic generator start can be assumed to provide only the signal for a two-wire start. (For more information, see “Engine Generator Basics” in HP131.) Metering.
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In the table, AC battery charger maximum current has been converted to DC amps. Battery Temperature Sensor.
Many off-grid inverters have an integrated battery charger that can be used to charge the batteries from an AC source, such as an engine generator. This feature negates the need for a separate external battery charger. Having an integrated charger is especially helpful during periods when an RE power source cannot keep up with household loads, such as during the short and often cloudy days of winter. The battery charger is also used to “equalize” batteries by giving them a controlled overcharge, making sure that even the weakest battery cells are occasionally brought up to full. Chargers are usually rated in DC amps, but may be stated as AC amps, so read the documentation carefully.
Voltacon Inverters for Generating and Storing Solar Energy to the maximum The sun is an abundant source of energy but there are several major steps before solar energy can be utilised by the electronic equipment and electrical appliances. Power from Mono crystalline or polycrystalline photovoltaic panels (over 17% efficiency available from Voltacon Solar) will be converted and stored to batteries with solar charge regulators made by Voltacon and Mastervolt. Using MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) which is a digital implemented algorithm the batteries will be charged faster ensuring a longer lifespan. A Conversol solar off grid inverter will convert the DC power from the batteries to a pure AC sine wave voltage. Voltacon supplies all types of electrical accessories to complete any solar off grid and on grid system such as fuses, switches, special cables for AC & DC voltages and monitoring software. Voltacon has 15 years in house knowledge in solar photovoltaics systems and energy storage.
To maximize performance, be sure to balance the loads on both legs when running 120 V loads. Inverters with 120/240 V input also can accept both legs of a 240 VAC generator, enabling you to get maximum capacity for battery charging with a single inverter. Some loads (like motors) require significantly more power during startup than they need to run.
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Several inverters offer metering as an optional accessory. Metering can provide helpful information about the system, including battery voltage (lets you know if the battery is being charged or discharged), AC load amps (indicates the size of the AC loads), battery charging amps (from the AC power source), and even error codes (helpful for inverter troubleshooting). With programmable inverters, the meter is often also a user interface for controlling other functions, such as turning the inverter on/off, starting a generator, or adjusting battery charger settings.
This page is intended to operate as a central location for links to the software and protocols used by various inverters.
If in doubt, talk to the inverter manufacturer to make sure the unit can supply the surge capability you need. Loads with induction motors, like washing machines, pumps, and power tools, can have large startup surges—up to seven times the running wattage. Look for “VA” on the nameplate, “locked-rotor amps,” or “surge rating” for clues that the load may have a high surge. To determine the surge of a particular appliance, either measure the load’s maximum amps with a recording clamp-on ammeter, look for “start amps” in the specification sheet, or call the appliance manufacturer. Some off-grid inverters include the capability to connect several units together to operate as a single, larger unit.
For example, several 2,000 W inverters have a 12 V nominal battery bank voltage; 4,000 W models generally have 24 or 48 V battery bank voltages; and 5,000 W units are typically matched to 48 V battery banks only. For the same power, higher nominal battery bank voltage means lower amps (watts ÷ volts = amps) in the battery cables—which translates to less energy loss for the same-sized cables, or smaller-diameter, less expensive cables and smaller overcurrent protection for those cables. Some inverter companies offer models in unusual voltages. Exeltech’s line of inverters, for example, includes models that can connect to 32, 66, or even 108 V battery banks. These inverters are used in various industries, such as the telecommunications industry. Output Voltage. We’ve only listed inverters used in the United States to power 60 Hz 120 or 120/240 V loads.
For an off-grid system, you’d need an inverter that could supply at least that amount. Note that the PV array size does not enter into this inverter sizing. (For more details, see “Off-Grid Inverter Sizing” sidebar on page 99.) Nominal Battery Voltage(s). Each inverter has a nominal battery voltage that it can be connected to. Common off-grid inverter battery voltage options are 12, 24, or 48 volts. Smaller systems are typically matched with lower power inverters and lower battery voltages. The converse is true for bigger systems.
This package contains: • VEConfigure 3 (v9004206) • VE.Bus Quick Configure (v9010141) - For installations up to 3 Multis • VE.Bus System Configurator (v9009136) - For larger installations • VEFlash (v9005150) - Firmware update tool to update VE.Bus products To connect your computer to a VE.Bus product (Multis, Quattros and Inverters), you need a driver for MK2-USB (ASS030130000) / MK3-USB (ASS030140000) and an RJ45 UTP cable (ASS030064xxx and ASS030065xxx). USB driver installation program for MK2-USB / MK3-USB To install the MK2-USB / MK3-USB driver on a computer without internet, first download the MK2-USB / MK3-USB driver using VEConfig3 and install it by selecting the menu Special -> USB Drivers. Only afterwards connect the MK2-USB / MK3-USB to your computer for the first time. On computers with internet, Windows will automatically download the correct driver itself. More documentation • • • • • • • Video showing Remote VEConfigure with VRM: Instruction video showing the firmware update procedure: Instruction video showing the firmware update procedure. Calculate cable size and voltage drop, understand all LED codes from Victron Energy Multi and Quattro inverter/chargers and calculate output power derating for inverters and chargers for the expected ambient temperature.